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S. R. and P. , Risk and Resilience of the Initiative d'EXcellence 'Joint, Excellent, and Dynamic Initiative' (IDEX JEDI) of the Université Côte d' Azur. M.J. acknowledges support from the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research PlanetS, and S.M. acknowledges support from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Computation was performed using the YORP computing cluster run by the Center for Theory and Computation at the University of Maryland's Department of Astronomy and the Mésocentre de Calcul Intensif 'Simulations Intensives en Géophysique, Astronomie, Mécanique, et Mathématiques' hosted by the Côte d' Azur Observatory in Nice, Centre National d'Études Spatiales, as well as the Academies of Excellence on Complex Systems and Space, Environment

S. R. , performed the soft-sphere/N-body numerical simulations, analysed the numerical results and led the research. M.J. performed the SPH numerical simulations and contributed to the analyses. P.M. initiated the collaboration between the institutions to investigate catastrophic impacts as an origin story, and helped steer the study to address questions in the context of Solar System origins

Y. , analysed the friction angles and implemented the rolling friction subroutine used

D. C. , guided the development of all N-body-related code. All authors contributed to interpretation of the results and preparation of the manuscript