A. Kruess and T. Tcharntke, Habitat Fragmentation, Species Loss, and Biological Control, Science, vol.264, issue.5165, pp.1581-1584, 1994.
DOI : 10.1126/science.264.5165.1581

L. Fahrig, Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Biodiversity, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, vol.34, issue.1, pp.487-515, 2003.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132419

T. Hoffmeister, L. Vet, A. Biere, K. Holsinger, and J. Filser, Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Biological Invasion and Habitat Fragmentation, Ecosystems, vol.101, issue.6, pp.657-667, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s10021-003-0138-8

R. Ewers and R. Didham, Confounding factors in the detection of species responses to habitat fragmentation, Biological Reviews, vol.12, issue.01, pp.117-142, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00254-4

D. Green, Coevolution of dispersal in a parasitoid???host system, Population Ecology, vol.97, issue.2, pp.253-260, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s10144-008-0131-3

C. Parmesan, Ecological and Evolutionary Responses to Recent Climate Change, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, vol.37, issue.1, pp.637-669, 2006.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110100

T. Hovestadt, B. Binzenhöfer, P. Nowicki, and J. Settele, Do all inter-patch movements represent dispersal? A mixed kernel study of butterfly mobility in fragmented landscapes, Journal of Animal Ecology, vol.6, issue.5, pp.1070-1077, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01848.x

S. Van-nouhuys, Effects of habitat fragmentation at different trophic levels in insect communities, Ann Zool Fenn, vol.42, pp.433-447, 2005.

T. Swift and S. Hannon, Critical thresholds associated with habitat loss: a review of the concepts, evidence, and applications, Biological Reviews, vol.81, issue.1, pp.35-53, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00093.x

C. Thies and T. Tscharntke, Landscape Structure and Biological Control in Agroecosystems, Science, vol.285, issue.5429, pp.893-895, 1999.
DOI : 10.1126/science.285.5429.893

E. Evans, R. Comont, and W. Rabitsch, Alien arthropod predators and parasitoids: interactions with the environment, BioControl, vol.101, issue.8, pp.395-407, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s10526-011-9375-5

J. Ellers and J. Van-alphen, Life history evolution in Asobara tabida: plasticity in allocation of fat reserves to survival and reproduction, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.10, issue.5, pp.771-785, 1997.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1420-9101.1997.10050771.x

J. Rosenheim, An Evolutionary Argument for Egg Limitation, Evolution, vol.50, issue.5, pp.2089-2094, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/2410766

A. Rivero-lynch and H. Godfray, The dynamics of egg production, oviposition and resorption in a parasitoid wasp, Functional Ecology, vol.11, issue.2, pp.184-188, 1997.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2435.1997.00076.x

G. Heimpel and J. Rosenheim, Egg Limitation in Parasitoids: A Review of the Evidence and a Case Study, Biological Control, vol.11, issue.2, pp.160-168, 1998.
DOI : 10.1006/bcon.1997.0587

A. Rivero and J. Casas, Incorporating physiology into parasitoid behavioral ecology: the allocation of nutritional resources, Researches on Population Ecology, vol.41, issue.1, pp.39-45, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/PL00011981

J. Rosenheim, The Relative Contributions of Time and Eggs to the Cost of Reproduction, Evolution, vol.53, issue.2, pp.376-385, 1999.
DOI : 10.2307/2640774

K. Shea, R. Nisbet, W. Murdoch, and H. Yoo, The Effect of Egg Limitation on Stability in Insect Host-Parasitoid Population Models, The Journal of Animal Ecology, vol.65, issue.6, pp.734-755, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/5673

V. Krivan and E. Sirot, Searching for Food or Hosts: The Influence of Parasitoids Behavior on Host???Parasitoid Dynamics, Theoretical Population Biology, vol.51, issue.3, pp.201-209, 1997.
DOI : 10.1006/tpbi.1997.1300

W. Murdoch, Population Regulation in Theory and Practice, Ecology, vol.75, issue.2, pp.271-287, 1994.
DOI : 10.2307/1939533

J. Ellers, J. Sevenster, and G. Driessen, Egg Load Evolution in Parasitoids, The American Naturalist, vol.156, issue.6, pp.650-665, 2000.
DOI : 10.1086/316990

D. Papaj, Ovarian Dynamics and Host Use, Annual Review of Entomology, vol.45, issue.1, pp.423-448, 2000.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.423

J. Rosenheim, G. Heimpel, and M. Mangel, Egg maturation, egg resorption and the costliness of transient egg limitation in insects, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.267, issue.1452, pp.1565-1573, 2000.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2000.1179

G. Heimpel, M. Mangel, and J. Rosenheim, Effects of Time Limitation and Egg Limitation on Lifetime Reproductive Success of a Parasitoid in the Field, The American Naturalist, vol.152, issue.2, pp.273-289, 1998.
DOI : 10.2307/2463490

J. Casas, R. Nisbet, S. Swarbrick, and W. Murdoch, Eggload dynamics and oviposition rate in a wild population of a parasitic wasp, Journal of Animal Ecology, vol.30, issue.2, pp.185-193, 2000.
DOI : 10.1006/anbe.1994.1227

R. Richard and J. Casas, Stochasticity and controllability of nutrient sources in foraging: host-feeding and egg resorption in parasitoids, Ecological Monographs, vol.20, issue.3, pp.465-483, 2009.
DOI : 10.1086/282461

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00412257

J. Sevenster, J. Ellers, and G. Driessen, An Evolutionary Argument for Time Limitation, Evolution, vol.52, issue.4, pp.1241-1244, 1998.
DOI : 10.2307/2411256

J. Rosenheim, Characterizing the cost of oviposition in insects: a dynamic model, Evolutionary Ecology, vol.66, issue.2, pp.141-165, 1999.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1006612519265

D. Jong, G. Van-noordwijk, and A. , Acquisition and Allocation of Resources: Genetic (CO) Variances, Selection, and Life Histories, The American Naturalist, vol.139, issue.4, pp.749-770, 1992.
DOI : 10.1086/285356

J. Ellers, G. Driessen, and J. Sevenster, THE SHAPE OF THE TRADE-OFF FUNCTION BETWEEN EGG PRODUCTION AND LIFE SPAN IN THE PARASITOID ASOBARA TABIDA, Netherlands Journal of Zoology, vol.50, issue.1, pp.29-36, 2000.
DOI : 10.1163/156854200505784

D. Roff and D. Faibairn, The evolution of trade-offs: where are we?, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.8, issue.2, pp.433-447, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/0169-4758(96)80650-8

A. Van-noordwijk, D. Jong, and G. , Acquisition and Allocation of Resources: Their Influence on Variation in Life History Tactics, The American Naturalist, vol.128, issue.1, pp.137-142, 1986.
DOI : 10.1086/284547

L. Vet, W. Lewis, and R. Cardé, Parasitoid Foraging and Learning, Chemical Ecology of Insects, pp.65-101, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4615-1765-8_3

D. Blumstein and A. Bouskila, Assessment and Decision Making in Animals: A Mechanistic Model underlying Behavioral Flexibility Can Prevent Ambiguity, Oikos, vol.77, issue.3, pp.569-576, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/3545948

B. Roitberg and R. Prokopy, Host deprivation influence on response of Rhagoletis pomonella to its oviposition deterring pheromone, Physiological Entomology, vol.3, issue.1, pp.69-72, 1983.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00363841

T. Tully and R. Ferrière, Reproductive Flexibility: Genetic Variation, Genetic Costs and Long-Term Evolution in a Collembola, PLoS ONE, vol.77, issue.9, p.3207, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0003207.g008

B. Sumida, A. Houston, J. Mcnamara, and W. Hamilton, Genetic algorithms and evolution, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.147, issue.1, pp.59-84, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5193(05)80252-8

G. Ruxton and G. Beauchamp, The application of genetic algorithms in behavioural ecology, illustrated with a model of anti-predator vigilance, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.250, issue.3, pp.435-448, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.10.022

M. Hassell and T. Southwood, Foraging Strategies of Insects, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol.9, issue.1, pp.75-98, 1978.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.es.09.110178.000451

E. Wajnberg, Time allocation strategies in insect parasitoids: from ultimate predictions to proximate behavioral mechanisms, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, vol.20, issue.5, pp.589-611, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00265-006-0198-9

J. Ollason, Learning to forage???Optimally?, Theoretical Population Biology, vol.18, issue.1, pp.44-56, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/0040-5809(80)90039-8

E. Charnov and G. Parker, Dimensionless invariants from foraging theory's marginal value theorem., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.92, issue.5, pp.1446-1450, 1995.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.92.5.1446

URL : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC42536/pdf

J. Hunt and L. Simmons, Optimal maternal investment in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus ?, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, vol.55, issue.3, pp.302-312, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s00265-003-0705-1

D. Stephens and J. Krebs, Foraging theory, 1986.

E. Wajnberg, P. Bernhard, F. Hamelin, and G. Boivin, Optimal patch time allocation for time-limited foragers, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, vol.129, issue.1, pp.1-10, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00265-005-0131-7

M. Tatar, J. Carey, and J. Vaupel, Long-Term Cost of Reproduction with and without Accelerated Senescence in Callosobruchus maculatus: Analysis of Age-Specific Mortality, Evolution, vol.47, issue.5, pp.1302-1312, 1993.
DOI : 10.2307/2410149

J. Rosenheim, STOCHASTICITY IN REPRODUCTIVE OPPORTUNITY AND THE EVOLUTION OF EGG LIMITATION IN INSECTS, Evolution, vol.3, issue.8, pp.2300-2312, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01305.x

G. Heimpel, J. Rosenheim, and M. Mangel, Egg Limitation, Host Quality, and Dynamic Behavior by a Parasitoid in the Field, Ecology, vol.77, issue.8, pp.2410-2420, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/2265742

M. Jervis and P. Ferns, The timing of egg maturation in insects: ovigeny index and initial egg load as measures of fitness and of resource allocation, Oikos, vol.32, issue.3, pp.449-461, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.13453.x

M. Jervis, J. Ellers, and J. Harvey, Resource Acquisition, Allocation, and Utilization in Parasitoid Reproductive Strategies, Annual Review of Entomology, vol.53, issue.1, pp.361-385, 2008.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093433

J. Harvey, Comparing and contrasting development and reproductive strategies in the pupal hyperparasitoids Lysibia nana and Gelis agilis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Evolutionary Ecology, vol.47, issue.2, pp.153-166, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s10682-007-9164-x

B. Fischer, B. Taborsky, and H. Kokko, How to balance the offspring quality-quantity tradeoff when environmental cues are unreliable, Oikos, vol.78, issue.2, pp.258-270, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18642.x

T. Dewitt, A. Sih, and D. Wilson, Costs and limits of phenotypic plasticity, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.13, issue.2, pp.77-81, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-5347(97)01274-3

J. Van-buskirk and U. Steiner, The fitness costs of developmental canalization and plasticity, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.19, issue.4, pp.852-860, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01685.x

J. Rosenheim, S. Jepsen, C. Matthews, D. Smith, and M. Rosenheim, Time Limitation, Egg Limitation, the Cost of Oviposition, and Lifetime Reproduction by an Insect in Nature, The American Naturalist, vol.172, issue.4, pp.486-496, 2008.
DOI : 10.1086/591677

T. Valone, Are animals capable of Bayesian updating? An empirical review, Oikos, vol.52, issue.2, pp.252-259, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2006.13465.x

J. Mcnamara and A. Houston, Memory and the efficient use of information, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.125, issue.4, pp.385-395, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5193(87)80209-6

D. Roff, The evolution of life histories: theory and analysis, 1992.

J. Casas, F. Vannier, N. Mandon, J. Delbecque, and D. Giron, Mitigation of egg limitation in parasitoids: immediate hormonal response and enhanced oogenesis after host use, Ecology, vol.79, issue.2, pp.537-545, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-3032.2007.00560.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00412247

O. Minkenberg, M. Tatar, and J. Rosenheim, Egg Load as a Major Source of Variability in Insect Foraging and Oviposition Behavior, Oikos, vol.65, issue.1, pp.134-142, 1992.
DOI : 10.2307/3544896

T. Hoffmeister, E. Wajnberg, E. Wajnberg, C. Bernstein, and . Van-alphen, Finding optimal behaviors with genetic algorithms Behavioural ecology of insect parasitoids -From theoretical approaches to field applications, pp.384-401, 2008.

Z. Barta, R. Flynn, and L. Giraldeau, Geometry for a selfish foraging group: a genetic algorithm approach, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.264, issue.1385, pp.1233-1238, 1997.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.1997.0170

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1688561

T. Hoffmeister and B. Roitberg, Evolution of signal persistence under predator exploitation, ??coscience, vol.5, issue.3, pp.312-320, 1998.
DOI : 10.1080/11956860.1998.11682470

Y. Toquenaga and M. Wade, Sewall wright meets artificial life: the origin and maintenance of evolutionary novelty, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.11, issue.11, pp.478-482, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0169-5347(96)20075-8

G. Huse, E. Strand, and J. Giske, Implementing behaviour in individual-based models using neural networks and genetic algorithms, Evolutionary Ecology, vol.15, issue.5, pp.469-483, 1999.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1006746727151

E. Strand, G. Huse, and J. Giske, Artificial Evolution of Life History and Behavior, The American Naturalist, vol.159, issue.6, pp.624-644, 2002.
DOI : 10.1086/339997

D. Whitley, The GENITOR algorithm and selective pressure: Why rankbased allocation of reproductive trials is best, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Genetic Algorithms Morgan Kaufmann, pp.116-121, 1989.

S. Forrest, Genetic algorithms: principles of natural selection applied to computation, Science, vol.261, issue.5123, pp.872-878, 1993.
DOI : 10.1126/science.8346439

D. Saunders, R. Hobbs, and C. Margules, Biological Consequences of Ecosystem Fragmentation: A Review, Conservation Biology, vol.13, issue.1, pp.18-32, 1991.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00384.x

M. Hunter, Landscape structure, habitat fragmentation, and the ecology of insects, Agricultural and Forest Entomology, vol.12, issue.3, pp.159-166, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s004420050605

C. Bernstein and M. Jervis, Food-Searching in Parasitoids: The Dilemma of Choosing between???Immediate??? or Future Fitness Gains, Behavioural ecology of insect parasitoids - From theoretical approaches to field applications Blackwell Publishing, pp.129-171, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/9780470696200.ch7

E. Wajnberg, C. Curty, and S. Colazza, Genetic variation in the mechanisms of direct mutual interference in a parasitic wasp: consequences in terms of patch-time allocation, Journal of Animal Ecology, vol.129, issue.6, pp.1179-1189, 2004.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00270.x

F. Hamelin, P. Bernhard, P. Nain, and E. Wajnberg, Foraging under competition: evolutionarily stable patch-leaving strategies with random arrival times. 1. Scramble competition, Advances in Dynamic Games and Applications Annals of the International Society of Dynamic Games, Birkhä user, pp.327-348, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/978-0-8176-4553-3_17

F. Hamelin, P. Bernhard, A. Shaiju, and E. Wajnberg, Foraging under competition: evolutionarily stable patch-leaving strategies with random arrival times. 2. Interference competition, Advances in Dynamic Games and Applications Annals of the International Society of Dynamic Games, Birkhä user, pp.349-365, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/978-0-8176-4553-3_17

R. Russell, R. Swihart, and Z. Feng, Population consequences of movement decisions in a patchy landscape, Oikos, vol.103, issue.1, pp.142-152, 2003.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12418.x

M. Bonsall, V. Jansen, and M. Hassell, Life History Trade-Offs Assemble Ecological Guilds, Science, vol.306, issue.5693, pp.111-114, 2004.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1100680